Druh | Nálezy podle období | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0-1900 | 1901-1950 | 1951-2000 | 2001-2017 | |
Micaria aenea Thorell, 1871 Silně ohrožený | 10x | |||
Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) Nezvěstný | 6x | |||
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) Silně ohrožený | 7x | 20x | 12x | |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) Ohrožený | 2x | 32x | 31x | |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) Téměř ohrožený | 8x | 9x | 296x | 31x |
Micaria guttulata (C. L. Koch, 1839) Silně ohrožený | 5x | 20x | 5x | |
Micaria lenzi Bösenberg, 1899 Kriticky ohrožený | 4x | |||
Micaria nivosa L. Koch, 1866 Ohrožený | 14x | 36x | ||
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) Není ohrožený | 6x | 6x | 501x | 33x |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 Ohrožený | 2x | 16x | 2x | |
Micaria sociabilis Kulczyński, 1897 Kriticky ohrožený | 2x | 8x | ||
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 Ohrožený | 2x | 2x | 51x | 14x |
Background: Sperm competition imposes a strong selective pressure on males, leading to the evolution of various physiological, morphological and behavioral traits. Sperm competition can be prevented by blocking or impeding the access to female genitalia by means of a mating plug. We investigated the factors responsible for plug production and function in the promiscuous female-cannibalistic spider Micaria sociabilis (Gnaphosidae).
Results: We performed mating trials using females with and without a plug that consists of an amorphous mass. The mating trials demonstrated that the probability of male plugging increased non-linearly with the duration of copulation. Copulation duration and plug production seem to be controlled by the female. We found that females terminated matings later if males were fast at genital coupling. Whereas incomplete plugs had disappeared on the day following copulation, complete plugs persisted (40%). In matings with females with complete plugs, only a small proportion of males (7%) were able to remove the plug, indicating the high effectiveness of plugging. Moreover, males ceased attempts to copulate with plugged females with higher probability. 3D X-ray microscopy of the female and male genitalia showed that the plug material can extend far into the female genital tract and that the plug material is produced by a massive gland inside the palpal organ of the modified male pedipalps.
Conclusions: Our study demonstrates that the mating plug in M. sociabilis constitutes an effective male strategy to avoid sperm competition that seems to be under female control.
Keywords: Secretory plugs, Sperm competition, Cryptic female choice, Multiple mating, X-ray microscopy
Zemní past | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Micaria aenea Thorell, 1871 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 4 | 4 | 0 | 7 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 143 | 156 | 6 | 133 |
Micaria lenzi Bösenberg, 1899 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria nivosa L. Koch, 1866 | 0 | 1 | 70 | 7 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 192 | 134 | 4 | 203 |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 13 | 4 | 0 | 10 |
Individuální sběr | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 4 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 2 | 8 | 0 | 9 |
Micaria guttulata (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria nivosa L. Koch, 1866 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 6 | 13 | 0 | 17 |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria sociabilis Kulczyński, 1897 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 4 | 5 | 1 | 9 |
Eklektor | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 3 | 9 | 3 | 10 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
fp | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria lenzi Bösenberg, 1899 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 2 | 7 | 2 | 6 |
Žlutá miska | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 4 | 0 | 5 |
Smyk | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 7 | 0 | 4 | 2 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Pozorování | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria sociabilis Kulczyński, 1897 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Sklepávání | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
? | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
is | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
pa | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Fotografie | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Nárazová past | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Prosev | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
travnaté stepi | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
---|---|---|---|---|
Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 2 | 6 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 14 | 40 | 3 | 23 |
Micaria guttulata (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 0 | 7 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria nivosa L. Koch, 1866 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 3 | 4 | 0 | 8 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Lesy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 22 | 32 | 1 | 32 |
výsadby jehličnanů | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 42 | 34 | 5 | 32 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstva | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria albovittata (Lucas, 1846) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 7 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 13 | 4 | 0 | 11 |
Micaria guttulata (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 2 | 3 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 8 | 3 | 0 | 8 |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
skalní stepi na vápenci | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 4 | 25 | 3 | 20 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Lesní okraje | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria aenea Thorell, 1871 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 7 | 0 | 12 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
širokolisté horské nivy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 26 | 28 | 0 | 22 |
rašeliniště | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria aenea Thorell, 1871 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 8 | 6 | 0 | 14 |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
lesostepní doubravy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 19 | 47 | 0 | 12 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 7 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
dubohabřiny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 6 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 6 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
mokré louky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 10 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
paseky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 10 | 6 | 0 | 10 |
kamenolomy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 4 | 6 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 3 | 1 | 0 | 4 |
reliktní bory na skalách | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 5 | 7 | 0 | 7 |
horská vřesoviště | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 11 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 5 | 2 | 0 | 3 |
ruderály | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 4 | 3 | 0 | 7 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
suché křoviny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 12 | 1 | 0 | 6 |
Micaria nivosa L. Koch, 1866 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
mezofilní louky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 7 | 3 | 0 | 5 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
městské parky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria sociabilis Kulczyński, 1897 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
ovocné sady bez bylinné vegetace | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 6 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
pískovny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 2 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria guttulata (C. L. Koch, 1839) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
písčiny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria dives (Lucas, 1846) | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Micaria lenzi Bösenberg, 1899 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria silesiaca L. Koch, 1875 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
údolní jasanoolšové luhy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 2 | 3 | 0 | 4 |
Acidofilní bory | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 22 | 5 | 0 | 4 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
bučiny nižších poloh | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
luční ostřicové mokřady | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 4 | 0 | 4 |
kamenité suti nižších poloh | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 3 | 2 | 0 | 4 |
haldy a výsypky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
úhory | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Louky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 2 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Močály | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria lenzi Bösenberg, 1899 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
bylinné porosty břehů | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
suché doubravy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 3 | 0 | 3 |
Přirozené lesy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
osluněné skály nižších poloh | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 6 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
rákosiny a orobincové porosty stojatých vod | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 3 | 1 | 3 |
slaniska | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
A121100 | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Kultury listnáčů | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 5 | 4 | 0 | 1 |
obilná pole | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
lužní lesy nížin | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 |
Louky a pastviny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
horské bučiny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ostřicové porosty stojatých vod | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Lesy vyšších poloh a strmých svahů | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Lesní okraje | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria sociabilis Kulczyński, 1897 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Břehy tekoucích vod | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
pastviny | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Ovocné sady a vinohrady | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
suché lesní lemy | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
rašelinné bory | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
skály a sutě v horách | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
vinice | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria fulgens (Walckenaer, 1802) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
ostatní pole | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria pulicaria (Sundevall, 1831) | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstva | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Parky | Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |
Micaria subopaca Westring, 1861 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
Samci | Samice | Mláďata | Nálezy |