Records by time  
Dysderidae 0-19001901-19501951-20002001+
Harpactea hombergi Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) Not endangered 255× 86× 347×
Harpactea lepida Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered 13× 954× 203× 1174×
Harpactea rubicunda Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) Not endangered 10× 15× 623× 249× 897×

Bibliography

 © Oto Zimmermann

Cílem mé práce bylo zjistit druhovou diverzitu a početnost pavouků v arboretu Mendelovy univerzity v Brně a také vyvodit jejich význam, a v neposlední řadě též posoudit význam arboret, parků a další městské zeleně coby míst vyšší biologické diverzity v urbanizovaném prostředí.

V rámci výzkumu bylo vybráno patnáct listnatých dřevin, lokalizovaných v různých částech arboreta. Pavouci byli získávání pomocí dvou odchytových metod, metodou sklepávání a metodou výběru z kartonových pásů (pastí). Sklepávání proběhlo v rámci výzkumu celkem čtyřikrát, konkrétně 11. 5. 2017, 14. 6. 2017, 1. 8. 2017 a 18. 9. 2017. Výběr z kartonových pásů byl proveden dvakrát, 28. 6. 2017 a 19. 10. 2017.

V obou metodách bylo získáno a determinováno celkem 303 adultních jedinců pavouků náležejících do 45 druhů, 36 rodů a 14 čeledí. Nejpočetněji zastoupen byl druh Philodromus cespitum, který tvořil více než třetinu odchyceného materiálu (přes 33 %). Tento druh patří mezi druhy schopné žít i v narušených biotopech urbanizovaných lokalit, jeho značné zastoupení je tedy očekávatelné. V rámci výzkumu bylo však získáno i několik druhů ohrožených, které se vyskytují pouze v přirozeném prostředí méně narušených biotopů.

Z tohoto faktu lze tedy dovodit závěr, že prostředí arboreta tvoří alespoň částečně přirozené prostředí pro výskyt různých druhů, z čehož vyplývá, že arboreta, parky a další zeleň ve městech, jsou tedy skutečně místem biodiverzity. Tento závěr je důležitý i pro arboristickou praxi, stejně jako fakt, že pavouci jsou významní predátoři bezobratlých a je tedy možné je využít v rámci biologické ochrany ve městech (tedy v místech, kde není vhodné používat chemické přípravky pro ochranu rostlin) i mimo ně. Ohrožené a vzácné druhy, které byly v rámci výzkumu v arboretu determinovány, lze také využít pro bioindikaci kvality prostředí v arboretu a obdobně je možné pavouky využít i v městských parcích a další městské zeleni stejně jako i ve volné krajině.



 © Oto Zimmermann

Predators are traditionally classified as generalists and specialists based on the presence of adaptations that increase efficiency of prey capture and consumption and selection of particular prey types. Nevertheless, empirical evidence comparing foraging efficiency between generalist and specialist carnivores is scarce. We compared the prey-capture and feeding efficiency in a generalist and a specialist (araneophagous) spider predator. By using two related species, the generalist Harpactea rubicunda (Dysderidae) and the specialist Nops cf. variabilis (Caponiidae), we evaluated their fundamental trophic niche by studying the acceptance of different prey. Then, we compared their predatory behavior, efficiency in capturing prey of varying sizes, feeding efficiency, and nutrient extraction. Nops accepted only spiders as prey, while Harpactea accepted all offered prey, confirming that Nops is stenophagous, while Harpactea is euryphagous. Further, Nops displayed more specialized (stereotyped) capture behavior than Harpactea, suggesting that Nops is a specialist, while Harpactea is a generalist. The specialist immobilized prey faster, overcame much larger prey, and gained more mass (due to feeding on larger prey) than the generalist. Both the specialist and the generalist spider extracted more proteins than lipids, but the extraction of macronutrients in the specialist was achieved mainly by consuming the prosoma of the focal prey. We show that the specialist has more efficient foraging strategy than the generalist.



 © Oto Zimmermann

The invertebrates of the Macocha Abyss, Moravian Karst, Czech Republic, were collected in 2007–2008 and 222 species were identified in total. The relative abundance of individual taxa of land snails, harvestmen, pseudoscorpions, spiders, millipedes, centipedes, terrestrial isopods, beetles, and ants was evaluated. The cold-adapted mountain and subterranean species inhabit the bottom and lower part of the abyss, whereas the sun-exposed rocky margins were inhabited by thermophilous species. Macocha harbors several threatened species that are absent or very rare in the surrounding habitats. In the forest landscape, the Macocha Abyss represents a natural habitat with a distinct microclimatic gradient, and is an excellent refuge area for psychrophilous as well as thermophilous species, which significantly contributes to maintenance of landscape biodiversity.



 © Oto Zimmermann

While the majority of the Central European landscape would be covered by forests without human influence, rocky areas form isolated, islet-like, natural, non-forest habitats. The surface of some of these non-forested areas is composed of bare bedrock or products of its erosional breakdown (without a soil layer) such as gravel, sand banks, sand dunes, scree slopes and rock outcrop habitats. These habitats harbour specialized  spider species that depend on their specific substratum and microclimate (Růžička 2000). Out of these habitats, rock walls (and scree slopes) form one of the most distinct ecological gradients of any terrestrial ecosystem (Larson et al. 1989, Růžička et al. 1995). They provide habitats with extremely warm and cold microclimatic conditions in close proximity. They also belong to habitats almost unknown until now due to the technical and practical problems of sampling.

Sandstones can form extensive systems of rocks, sometimes with a broad spectrum of meso- and microhabitats due to their very dynamic relief. Sandstone rocks are characterised by a marked contrast between forested plateau and bare vertical rock walls (Balatka and Sládek 1984). Upper margins of rocks are dry, vertical rock walls can be sun-exposed, dry and bare, or shady and humid and hence covered by mosses. Spaces with an extremely cold climate can occur in deep gorges. The aim of this study is to evaluate available data on the species composition of spider assemblages in sandstone rocks, including new data about spiders on rock walls in the Bohemian Switzerland (České Švýcarsko) National Park.



Gallery

Statistics

By month


By altitude


By collecting method (2417 used records)
Zemní pastMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 136 101 17 158
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1562 757 139 893
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 721 446 225 479
NeurčenoMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 54 55 1 107
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 96 74 9 148
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 97 128 3 241
Individuální sběrMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 41 50 257 52
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 57 29 14 50
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 130 83 17 134
ProsevMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 14 19 9 18
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 31 59 50 56
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 21 14 4 26
SmykMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 5 2 0 4
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 40 24 0 20
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 27 8 0 14
EklektorMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 11 3 5
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 1 3
SklepáváníMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 2 3 0 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 0 1 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
FotografieMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 1
 MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords

By biotope (2417 used records)
NeurčenoMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 50 57 6 136
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 243 165 63 275
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 342 276 9 394
Kamenité suti nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 39 26 5 40
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 77 59 8 66
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 45 39 3 47
Bučiny nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 6 7 1 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 262 130 2 110
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 7 0 0 3
Suché loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 13 4 0 14
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 5 1 8
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 93 91 11 97
Výsadby jehličnanůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 2 1 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 107 62 12 92
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 17 5 0 8
Suché doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 28 16 4 28
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 51 37 19 48
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 24 6 23
LesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 4 0 4
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 162 59 12 77
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 62 4 0 11
Suťové a roklinové lesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 4 2 9
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 121 49 16 65
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 6 0 13
Stinné skály nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 16 24 8 21
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 167 110 17 59
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
Lesostepní doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 13 13 0 14
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 9 12 0 11
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 76 31 1 36
Skalní stepi na vápenciMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 5 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 48 38 9 52
Lesy vyšších poloh a strmých svahůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 5 0 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 51 29 4 46
RašeliništěMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 94 41 2 48
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 1
Přirozené lesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 5 4 1 7
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 39 18 5 37
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 4 1 5
KamenolomyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 2 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 26 26 1 13
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 23 13 3 25
Acidofilní boryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 11 7 4 13
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 17 18 0 15
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 28 13 0 9
Porosty borůvekMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 3 3 0 3
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 1 0 6
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 33 27 0 28
Břehy tekoucích vodMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 44 18 0 30
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 1 1
Horské bučinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 7 1 0 2
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 90 11 18 29
Lesní okrajeMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 4 12 4 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 6 1 7
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 8 1 14
Xerotermní travinobylinná společenstvaMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 1 0 6
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 26 24 0 23
Reliktní bory na skaláchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 15 3 10
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 1 8 10
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 3 1 8
Horské smrčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 73 3 0 17
Výsadby listnáčůMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 18 19 246 7
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 4 0 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 12 9 0 6
PasekyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 13 3 0 13
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 0 0 2
RuderályMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 2 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 28 9 4 14
Interiéry budovMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 1 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 5 3 13
Suché křovinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 9 5 0 11
Skalní a suťové biotopyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 23 20 13 10
Podmáčené smrčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 5 13 0 9
DubohabřinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 10 7 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 35 4 1 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 5 0 3
Rašelinné boryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 7 2 0 8
Ovocné sady s luční vegetacíMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 6 2 1 7
PísčinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 10 0 8
Haldy a výsypkyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 6 192 6
Mokřadní olšinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 3 3 0 5
Luční ostřicové mokřadyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 8 8 1 6
MočályMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 1 0 4
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Mezofilní loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 0 2 0 2
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 8 0 3
Širokolisté horské nivyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 5 0 5
Lužní lesy nížinMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 10 3 1 4
Zahradnicky utvářené zahrady a parkyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea hombergi (Scopoli, 1763) 8 9 0 3
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
JeskyněMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 8 5 0 4
Okraje silnicMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 4 2 3
Skály a sutě v horáchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 5 3 3
Travnaté stepiMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 2 0 3
Mokré loukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 2
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 0 1
Suché lesní lemyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 3 0 3
Louky a pastvinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 2 1 3
LoukyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 0 0 2
Vřesoviště nižších polohMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 2 0 2
PastvinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 2 0 0 2
Polní biotopyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 4 0 0 1
Ostřicové porosty stojatých vodMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
MokřadyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Vlhké lesní lemyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 0 1 1
Vnější stěny budovMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
Nehluboké podzemní prostory (pukliny, půdní horizonty)MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Skalní stepi na jiných hornináchMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 0 1 0 1
Vlhké doubravyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
LesyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 1
Vrbové křoviny - vlhké (vrbové) křovinyMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
Horská vřesovištěMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea lepida (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 1 0 1
ÚhoryMalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords
Harpactea rubicunda (C. L. Koch, 1838) 1 0 0 1
 MalesFemalesJuvenilesRecords